Red Sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus)

• Family: Fabaceae
• Local Names: aal teak,bloodwood,wild teak,African teak), Lozi (mukwa,mulombe), Lunda (mukula), Ndebele (umvagazi), Nyanja (mlombwa,mlombe), Shona (kiaat)

Description

1. Pterocarpus angolensis is a medium-size to large, deciduous tree that grows up to 30 m tall; bark on young twigs is smooth, grey and covered with hairs, and on the older branches and stems it is dark grey and rough to fissured.

2. Leaves with 5-9 pairs of subopposite to alternate leaflets; leaflets elliptic-lanceolate to obovate, 2.5-7 x 2-4.5 cm, top surface without hairs, underside hairy when young, losing these by maturity; apex tapering to a narrow point, bristle-tipped; base rounded; margin entire, wavy, tightly rolled under petiolules, and petiole velvety; stipules narrow, up to 8 mm long, velvety, falling early.

3. The pealike flowers abundant, orange-yellow in colour, very sweetly scented and borne in large, branched sprays 10-20 cm long.

4. Fruit a very distinctive, indehiscent, circular pod with a diameter of 8-10 cm. The seed case, which is densely covered with harsh bristles up to 1.3 cm in length, is surrounded by a broad, membranous, light, wavy wing up to 3 cm in width, which adds to its buoyancy. There are usually 1-2 small seeds in the pod.

Ecology

Pterocarpus angolensis occurs in woodlands and sometimes as stunted trees in wooded grassland on mountain tops. In South Africa, it is usually found in the lowveld in woodland and bushveld in deep sandy soil and sometimes on hillsides. It is regarded as an indicator of well-drained soils. It is sensitive to frost and is reputed to be fire tolerant, making it an important species for enrichment planting in areas where fire cannot be excluded completely.

Native range

Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Tree Management

1. Site preparation requires clear cutting, control of fire and of competition for the 1st 10 years of the plantation. Spacing in a pure stand should not be closer than 5 x 5 m. In the seedling stage, the aboveground parts of the plant die back each year until the root system has grown sufficiently to support a shoot capable of surviving the dry season. Shoots rarely grow more than 15 cm. This makes the species difficult in plantation forestry.

2. Although the trees are very resistant to fire, repeated heavy burning produces a ‘staghead’ appearance, which also occurs if the tree is stressed as a result of unfavourable conditions such as shallow or stony soil, or too much water. It is always better to protect young plants from cold winds for the 1st 2 years. The tree has a rotation of 40-70 years and a life expectancy of 60-90 years. Under favourable conditions, the growth rate is 500-700 mm/year.

3. Farmers in suitable warm areas can consider planting woodlots or small plantations of P. angolensis as a viable option. Such plantations have been successfully planted in Mozambique. Up to 20 trees can be grouped in camps where shade is needed during the hot summer months.

Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. There are about 4 200 seeds/kg.

4. Pterocarpus angolensis occurs in woodlands and sometimes as stunted trees in wooded grassland on mountain tops. In South Africa, it is usually found in the lowveld in woodland and bushveld in deep sandy soil and sometimes on hillsides. It is regarded as an indicator of well-drained soils. It is sensitive to frost and is reputed to be fire tolerant, making it an important species for enrichment planting in areas where fire cannot be excluded completely.

The pod of P. angolensis is not dehiscent, and for nursery work it must be cracked open. Seed that has been filed germinates more readily than untreated seed, and even more so if left in water for 1-2 days after scarification. Planted in flat seedling trays filled with river sand, 50% of the seeds usually germinate within 20-30 days. Seedlings should be transplanted at an early stage for, although their initial growth is slow, it soon speeds up and they develop a very long taproot.

5. Cuttings made from young coppice shoots should be planted in early spring and can be treated with growth-stimulating hormones before planting. Truncheons 10 cm in diameter or thicker should be planted in a hole, preferably 1 m deep with some river sand placed at the bottom. The sand prevents fungal growth and speeds up root formation.

Timber

The heartwood makes high-quality furniture, as it is easily worked, glues and screws well and takes a fine polish. It shrinks very little when drying from the green condition, and this quality, together with its high durability, makes it particularly suitable for boat building, canoes and bathroom floors. It makes most handsome furniture and shelving, floors, panels, doors and window frames. Locally used for dishes, mortars and drums, and is one of the few woods favoured for canoe paddles and game and fish spears. It varies greatly in colour and weight. Sapwood is yellow. Heartwood ranges from light brown to dark reddish-brown, with purplish or golden wavy streaks often blended in the same piece of wood. Heartwood is resistant to both borers and termites, although sapwood is susceptible to borer attack and should be treated with an insecticide. When worked it has a pleasant pungent smell but can cause irritation and asthma.

Shade or Shelter

Medicine

The bark has several uses; heated in water and mixed with figs it is massaged on the breast to stimulate lactation; a cold infusion from the bark alone provides a remedy for nettle rash. A decoction of the bark is also taken orally for piles, and a cold infusion made from the bark is taken to relieve stomach disorders, headaches, blood in the urine, earache and mouth ulcers. Bark or roots, boiled with fresh meat, is used as a preliminary accelerator in the treatment of gonorrhoea. A decoction of the root is believed to be a cure for malaria and blackwater fever. An infusion made from the roots is taken orally for the treatment of diarrhoea, bilharzia and abdominal pains. Roots are burnt and the ashes drunk in water to treat asthma and tuberculosis. Corneal ulcers are bathed in an eyewash obtained when roots of the tree are 1st cleaned and then left to soak in water for 6 hours. In the follow-up treatment of this ailment, flowers are placed in boiling water over which the patient holds the face, allowing the steam to fill the eyes; dropping sap into the eyes treats cataracts and sore eyes. The bark is boiled and the resulting red fluid is used in treating skin lesions and ringworm. Ripe seeds are burnt and the ashes applied to inflamed areas of the skin and to bleeding gums. The sap is reputed to heal sores, including ringworm sores and stab wounds, and to treat various other ailments.

Gum or Resin